|
Semion Yakovlevich Braude ((ウクライナ語:Семен Якович Брауде); January 20, 1911 – July 1, 2003) was a Ukrainian physicist and radio astronomer. Of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, Braude was born in Poltava, Ukraine, and pursued his higher education at the Kharkov University (KU), receiving his undergraduate degree from the Physics and Mathematics Department in 1932. He then joined the staff of the Laboratory of Electromagnetic Oscillations (LEMO) at the Ukrainian Physico-Technical Institute (UPTI), and also began graduate work at KU. His mentor was Abram A. Slutskin, professor at KU as well as head of the LEMO. Much of the activities of the LEMO involved the development of magnetrons for generating ultra-high frequency (UHF) signals. In 1936, the LEMO was tasked to study the application of magnetrons in a pulsed radio-location (radar) system for use by anti-aircraft batteries. For this project, Braude designed a superheterodyne receiver, using a low-power, tunable magnetron for use as the local oscillator. He also completed the Kandidat Nauk (Candidate of Science – approximately equivalent to a Ph.D. degree) in 1937. The radio-location system, code-named ''Zenit'' (a popular football team at that time), was first tested in 1938, detecting an aircraft at a distance of 3 km. After improvements were made, the revised system was tested in 1940, providing range, altitude, and azimuth for a target aircraft at up to 25 km distance. Although the time required to make the measurements was too great for anti-aircraft applications, the ''Zenit'' was the first three-coordinate radio-location system developed in the Soviet Union.〔Kostenko, Alexei A., Alexander I, Nosich, and Irina A. Tishchenko; “Development of the First Soviet Three-Coordinate L-Band Pulsed Radar in Kharkov Before WWII,” ''IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine'', 43, (3), 29-48, June 2001〕 The German invasion of the Soviet Union started in June 1941, and all of the UPTI was evacuated to the Far East. The LEMO, including Slutskin, went to Bukhar in Uzbekistan. There Braude continued work on radio-location equipment, particularly the ''Rubin'', a further improvement of the ''Zenit''. He also continued his studies under Slutskin, being awarded the higher D.Sc. degree in 1943. He was given the title of Professor in 1944. The preliminary testing of ''Rubin'' turned up a previously unreported phenomena in radio-signal propagation, later called surface or atmospheric ducting, resulting in a major decrease in signal attenuation; Braude initiated studies in this area. Following the war, the LEMO returned to Kharkov in mid-1945, remaining independent of the UPTI.. There Braude continued research in large-scale radio propagation, eventually turning his full interest to interferometry and radio-signal analysis. In 1955, the LEMO became the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE)〔(Welcome to IRE Kharkov )/〕 of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU); Braude played a major role in forming the IRE. He was made a Vice-Director of the IRE, heading the Radio Astronomy Department and pioneering decametre-wavelength radio astronomy in Ukraine. In 1985, he was instrumental in forming a new academic establishment, the Institute of Radio Astronomy of NASU, branched off IRE on the basis of the former Radio Astronomy Department.〔(History of Institute )〕 Braude’s research at the IRE centered on developing large-scale radio interferometers for precisely examining extraterrestrial radio sources. He headed a program that created the Ukrainian T-shaped Radio telescope, second modification. This was the world's largest radio telescope at decametre wavelengths, with a resolution on the order of an arcsecond and a sensitivity of about 10 Jy (jansky).〔The jansky (abbreviated Jy) is a unit of radio flux density (the rate of flow of radio waves); 1 Jy = 10-26 watts/m2/Hz. The jansky was named to honor American Karl Gothe Jansky who developed radio astronomy in 1932.〕 Braude was a member of the editorial board of the ''Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics'' journal since it was founded in 1958. During his lifetime, he published 5 nomographs and over 300 scientific papers, and mentored some 35 doctoral students. He remained professionally active until his death in 2003.〔 ==Awards and honors== * State Prize of the Soviet Union for science and engineering, 1952.〔 * State Prize of the Ukraine for science and engineering, 1977.〔 * A. S. Popov Golden Medal by the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1983.〔 * Prize and Medal of the Euro-Asian Astronomical Society, 1997.〔 * On April 17, 2009, the International Astronomical Union named the Braude crater〔(Braude crater )〕 on the Moon after him. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Semion Braude」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|